Edit
Walter Koenig did not film any new footage for this. Chekov appears briefly in the opening scenes but it's stock footage from earlier productions. He takes no part in the plot.
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The plot for this episode (hyper-accelerated movement) was also used in The Wild Wild West: The Night of the Burning Diamond (1966) of The Wild, Wild West. That episode was produced by Gene L. Coon, who wrote this episode under the screen name Lee Cronin.
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This contains the only time in The Original Series where Kirk is seen in what can be presumed to be a post-coital situation. He is seen zipping up his boots while sitting on the edge of his bed, with Deela standing nearby arranging her hair.
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Loosely based on an H.G. Wells short story called 'The New Accelerator.' An episode of the 1966 Lone Ranger animated series also used this plot.
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The remastered version of this episode premiered in syndication the weekend of 13 January 2007. New shots of Scalos from space, as well as an enhanced matte painting of the surface were inserted into the episode, alongside more realistic phaser effects. This was the first remastered episode from third season to air and thus featured a 'new' opening titles sequence.
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Rael is also the name taken by Claude Maurice Marcel Vorilhon, the founder and actual leader of the UFO religion known as Raëlism. It started in 1973.
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Written by Lee Cronin, the pseudonym of Gene L. Coon. The pseudonym was used because he had left Paramount and was under contract with Universal, so he was not supposed to be working for Paramount as well.
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At the beginning of the episode, Scotty is shown on the bridge recording a log while other dialogue is played over this scene. The footage is reused from 'The Empath'. This is evident because Scotty wears a very different hairstyle, and another woman takes the place of Uhura. A piece of Scotty's dialogue with Kirk on the planet below from 'The Empath' can also be heard, very faintly. In fact, what he is saying originally played over Kirk's communicator in that episode.
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The Star Trek Customizable Card Game features a Wild Card called 'Boot Scene' (named after the famous suggestive scene with Deela) which can neutralize the opposing player's Captain Kirk with a beautiful alien.
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The Scalosian weapon was made from lathe-turned aluminum, and measured approximately 6 ¾' in length. A sketch of the design appeared in the Star Trek: The Original Series Sketchbook (p. 91). The weapon made a sound identical to Klingon disruptors and the Ardana torture device in 'The Cloud Minders'.
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In a note from Gene Roddenberry to Fred Freiberger dated May 29th, 1968, he calls the water 'Scalian water', which may be a mistake on his part or a indication that the name was changed to 'Scalosian' later.
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This episode was, in essence, a bottle show with the need for only one set, a fountain, which was designed by Matt Jefferies.
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Kathie Browne and Jason Evers also appeared together in The Big Valley: Deathtown (1968).
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Captain James T Kirk takes his coffee without milk.
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Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta is the second installment of the Love & Hip Hop reality television franchise.[1] It premiered June 18, 2012 on VH1, and chronicles the lives of several people in Atlanta involved with hip hop music.
The series has a large ensemble cast. Over eight seasons, 15 people have appeared in the opening credits as leading cast members. The show features a sprawling supporting cast, with 63 people credited as 'additional cast' or 'featured' in the show's end credits. These secondary cast members appear in green screen confessional segments and (for the most part) have the same amount of screen time and storyline focus as the show's main cast members. Over the years, several supporting cast members have been upgraded to lead.
The cast of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta's current season consists of Rasheeda, Mimi Faust, Karlie Redd, Spice, Scrapp DeLeon, Yung Joc and Stevie J.
- 1Main
- 1.1Original cast members
- 1.2Season 2 additions
- 1.3Season 3 additions
- 1.4Season 4 additions
- 1.5Season 6 additions
- 1.6Season 7 additions
- 1.7Season 8 additions
- 2Supporting
- 2.1Original cast members
- 2.2Season 2 additions
- 2.3Season 3 additions
- 2.4Season 4 additions
- 2.5Season 5 additions
- 2.6Season 6 additions
- 2.7Season 7 additions
- 2.8Season 8 additions
Main[edit]
Cast timeline
Cast member | Seasons | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
Joseline Hernandez | Starring | |||||||
Erica Dixon | Starring | Also Starring | ||||||
Rasheeda | Starring | |||||||
K. Michelle | Starring | Guest | Starring1 | Special Guest2 | ||||
Karlie Redd | Starring | |||||||
Mimi Faust | Starring | |||||||
Traci Steele | Starring | Cameo | ||||||
Tammy Rivera | Starring | Also Starring | Starring | Guest | ||||
Stevie J | Also Starring | Starring | ||||||
Tommie Lee | Cameo | Also Starring | Starring | Cameo | ||||
Jessica Dime | Also Starring | Starring | ||||||
Erica Mena | Starring | Special Guest3 | ||||||
Spice | Guest | Also Starring | Starring | |||||
Scrapp DeLeon | Cameo | Also Starring | Guest4 | Starring | ||||
Yung Joc | Also Starring | Starring |
Note:
- ^ Appears in the opening credits from episode four onwards.
- ^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified and 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot specials only.
- ^ Appears in the 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot special only.
- ^ As Scrapp was incarcerated during the filming of these seasons, he makes only minor appearances via phone call conversations.
Original cast members[edit]
Joseline Hernandez[edit]
Joseline Hernandez (born November 3, 1986), also known as The Puerto Rican Princess, is a Latin-American entertainer, originally from Ponce, Puerto Rico.[2][3] She endured a rough childhood within the public housing system of Puerto Rico, being exposed to drugs and prostitution at an early age. She moved to Miami, Florida with her family at the age of six.[4] From the age of sixteen, she began stripping in order to provide for her family. During this time, she was arrested in 2003 and 2007 under the name Shenellica Bettencourt, for lewd and lascivious behavior.[5] She eventually relocated to Atlanta, and was discovered by Stevie J while performing as a stripper at the Onyx Club.
Joseline is introduced as an aspiring rapper and recording artist under Stevie's management. It is eventually revealed that the two are sexually involved after Joseline finds herself pregnant, and decides to have an abortion. This revelation breaks up Stevie's relationship with his girlfriend Mimi, igniting a feud between the two women that would last for the rest of series' run. Joseline and Stevie's intense yet volatile relationship deepens in season two, with Joseline tearfully proposing to Stevie during a trip to Puerto Rico. Stevie accepts but gives a second ring to Mimi, humiliating Joseline and causing her to lash out violently. At the start of season three, she and Stevie claim to have secretly eloped months prior, much to the skepticism of the other cast members.[6] Season five chronicles the couple's break up, after Stevie admits that their marriage was faked for publicity.[7][8] At the season's reunion special, Joseline reveals she is pregnant with Stevie's child. The birth of their daughter Bonnie Bella Jordan, born December 28, 2016, is chronicled in her sixth and final season.
Joseline's relationship with the show's producers worsened while filming season six, eventually becoming part of the storyline. She dramatically walked off set and quit the show during taping of the season's reunion special, amid tensions with executive producer Mona Scott-Young.[9]
Additionally, Joseline stars in the spin-off show Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and the special Joseline's Special Delivery. She was reported to be making up to $400,000 per season prior to quitting the series.[10]
Erica Dixon[edit]
Erica Dixon (born October 12, 1984) is the mother of Lil Scrappy's daughter, Emani.[11][12] While she was born in Atlanta, she and her six brothers and three sisters were raised by her aunt and uncle in Hempstead, New York, after her mother lost custody because of her crack cocaine addiction. In early seasons, she was working full-time as a medical biller and a coder for a pharmacy, before venturing into fashion and releasing her own clothing line, Klass6.
Erica is introduced on the show as having been in an on-again, off-again relationship with Scrappy for the past twelve years. She is struggling to make amends with her mother, Mingnon, a recovering crack cocaine addict, who has recently come back in her life. At the first season's reunion special, Scrappy proposes to Erica onstage and she accepts. The couple end their engagement early into season two, after Erica and her mother get into a physical altercation with Momma Dee. She begins dating model O'Shea Russell in season three, however they have a dramatic break up onscreen over a financial dispute.[13] In season four, she takes Scrappy to court over child support.[14]
Erica quit the show after four seasons, saying in an interview: 'I can’t front for the camera. I can’t sacrifice anybody’s character for the camera. There are others who can. They don’t care. They will do anything for any amount of money. I’m not that person.'[15] Two years later, Erica returned as a supporting cast member in season seven and again in season eight, having made peace with Momma Dee and holding no grudges regarding Scrappy and Bambi's recent marriage and pregnancy.[16]
Rasheeda (top) and K. Michelle (below) are original cast members on Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta.
Rasheeda[edit]
Rasheeda Buckner-Frost (born May 25, 1976),[17] known professionally as Rasheeda, is a rapper, originally from Decatur, Illinois.[18][19] She is the self-professed 'Georgia peach' and 'queen of crunk', who rose to fame with her 2007 single 'Got That Good (My Bubble Gum)'. She married Kirk Frost in 1999 and has two sons by him, Ky, born October 4, 2000, and Karter, born August 21, 2013. She released six independent albums through her husband's company, D-Lo Entertainment, before retiring from music in 2015.
Rasheeda is introduced as an underground rapper, struggling to break into the mainstream hip hop scene with her husband as her manager. While initially portrayed as K. Michelle's friend and confidante, the girls have an emotional falling out after Rasheeda admits that she does not believe K's abuse allegations. Their feud continues into season two, with an early episode featuring K throwing a lit candle in her direction during a heated argument. Rasheeda discovers she is pregnant later in the season, and in what would become of the show's most controversial storylines,[20] Kirk reacts by telling her to get an abortion, before cheating on her on camera with two women. They reconcile in season three, after Kirk hosts an 'apology party'. Rasheeda announces her retirement from music in season four and opens a boutique store, Pressed, which is featured prominently on the show from season five onwards.
Rasheeda's marriage is once again thrown into turmoil in season six when it is discovered that Kirk has fathered a secret baby with Jasmine, a stripper. After a brief separation in season seven, Rasheeda takes Kirk back after the sudden death of his mother.
Since 2013, Rasheeda and Kirk Frost have regularly been criticised and accused of fabricating their storylines to stay on the show.[21][22][23] In 2018, Rasheeda was reported to be making up to $25,000 per episode.[10]
K. Michelle[edit]
Kimberly Michelle Pate (born March 4, 1982), known professionally as K. Michelle, is a R&B/soul singer-songwriter, originally from Memphis, Tennessee.[24][25] She has a son, Chase Landin Bowman, born September 28, 2004, from a previous relationship.
The first season chronicles her return to the music industry after several personal struggles, including an abusive relationship with a music executive.[26] K was dubbed the show's breakout star,[27] signing a multi-album record deal with Atlantic Records shortly after filming.[28] The second season chronicles the recording of her debut studio album, Rebellious Soul, amid violent feuds with Rasheeda, Karlie and Mimi. Her album was released on August 13, 2013, debuting at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, with first-week sales of 72,000 copies in the United States.[29]
During the season's reunion special, K. Michelle announced that she was leaving the show to join the cast of Love & Hip Hop: New York in season four. K's purpose on the show was mainly served to set up her own spin-off series, K. Michelle: My Life, which premiered November 3, 2014.
K rejoined the main cast of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta in season five, which chronicles her return to Atlanta and the release of her third album, More Issues Than Vogue. After appearing infrequently throughout the season and barely interacting with the cast, K. Michelle confirmed shortly after taping the reunion that she had again quit the show.[30]K. Michelle: My Life ended after three seasons, and she joined the cast of Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood in season five, making her the only person in the franchise's history to appear in three incarnations of Love & Hip Hop as a main cast member.
K. Michelle returned in the 2019 clip show specials Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified (where she won the Clapback Queens category) and 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot.
Karlie Redd[edit]
Keisha Karlie Lewis (born April 20, 1973),[31] known professionally as Karlie Redd, is an Trinidadian entertainer and entrepreneur, originally from New York City. She has a daughter, Jasmine Lewis, born 1996, from a previous relationship. In 2008, Karlie appeared as a contestant on the VH1 reality competition show Scream Queens.
Karlie is introduced as an aspiring rapper, singer and recording artist, hoping to collaborate with Stevie J. She quickly gains a reputation among the cast for being 'messy'[32][33] and allegedly lying about her age.[34] Her rivalry with K. Michelle is the focus of the first two seasons, during which she released 'Bring It', a diss track aimed at Michelle. The two later reconcile their differences. Subsequent seasons chronicle her various business ventures, as an soap opera actress, boutique store owner, record label executive, Playboy model[35] and morning radio host.[36]
Seven 91 Kirk Boot Reviews
Karlie's chaotic love life has become one of the show's leading storylines and she has been romantically linked with many of the show's male cast members, including Benzino, Yung Joc, Scrapp DeLeon, Lyfe Jennings and Sean Garrett. In season six, Karlie briefly dates tattoo artist Ceaser Emmanuel, their relationship serving as a crossover with fellow VH1 reality show Black Ink Crew. In season eight, she announces her engagement to trucking mogul Arkansas Mo.
Additionally, Karlie appears in two episodes of the spin-off K. Michelle: My Life and the 2019 clip show specials Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified and 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot. In 2018, Karlie was reported to be making up to $50,000 per season.[10]
Mimi Faust[edit]
Oluremi Fela James (born January 3, 1970), known professionally as Mimi Faust, is the mother of Stevie J's daughter, Eva, originally from Newport News, Virginia.[37][38] She endured a rough childhood, having been abandoned in Los Angeles, California, by her Scientologist mother at the age of 13.[39] In the 1990s, she was Claudia Jordan's roommate and appeared as a video vixen in music videos for Pharrell Williams and Kelly Price.[40] In 2001, she founded her own cleaning service, Keep It Clean, Inc. During the series, she also embarks on a career as an entertainment manager, author and interior designer.
Mimi is introduced on the show as having been in an on-again, off-again relationship with Stevie J for the past fifteen years.[41][42] It is eventually revealed that he has been in a secret relationship with his artist, Joseline, igniting a feud between the two women that would last for the rest of the series' run. Mimi breaks up with Stevie and enters a relationship with Nikko London in season two, much to the disapproval of her best friend Ariane. The couple's allegedly leaked, highly publicised sex tape, distributed by Vivid Entertainment, is the leading storyline of the show's third season,[43] and in season four, Mimi admits to her friends that the tape was staged.[44] At the fourth season's reunion, it is revealed that her love triangle with Stevie and Joseline was the result of a threesome, well before the show made it to air.[45]
In season five, Mimi admits that she is sexually fluid,[46] and enters a relationship with Chris, who would later reveal his identity as a trans man. The two eventually break up, and at the fifth season reunion, she reveals that she has started dating a woman. Her girlfriend is later revealed to be basketball player Ty Young, who appears on the show in season seven.
Additionally, Mimi appears in a supporting role in the spin-off shows Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It To Stevie, as well as in the 2019 clip show specials Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified (where she won the Romance Gone Wrong category) and 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot. In 2018, Mimi was reported to be making up to $100,000 per season.[10]
Season 2 additions[edit]
Traci Steele[edit]
Traci Steele (born November 6, 1978) is a DJ and radio personality, originally from The Bronx, New York City.[47][48] She was in a relationship with DJ Babey Drew for four years before breaking up while she was pregnant. She gave birth to Drew's son, 'Little Drew', in 2007.
Traci joins the cast in season two. The season chronicles her co-parenting struggles with Drew, including jealously over Drew's taste in women (Traci calls them 'popcorn hoes'), and a failed attempt at opening a sneaker boutique together. She briefly dates fitness model DaShaun Johnson, but the two part ways after Drew exposes his criminal past. Traci is initially friends with Shay, however the two have a falling out when Shay turns violent at one of her events, and Traci is caught in the crossfire.
Traci and Drew were not well-received by viewers, who dubbed them 'boring' compared to the other cast members, and the two were fired from the show.[49][50] She made a cameo appearance in season four, where she is seen attending Rasheeda's store opening.
Season 3 additions[edit]
Tammy Rivera[edit]
Tammy Rivera (born July 30, 1986) is a fashion designer and stylist, originally from Baltimore, Maryland.[51][52] She came into the public eye through her relationship with rapper Waka Flocka Flame, who she began dating in 2011. Tammy was born in Tappahannock, Virginia, to an African-American mother and a Nicaraguan father, who was incarcerated shortly after she was born. She gave birth to a daughter, Charlie, on July 1, 2005.
Tammy joins the cast in season three. The season chronicles her relationship struggles with Waka, including past infidelities and the suicide death of Waka's brother, Kayo Redd. Later in the season, the couple elope. After a violent altercation with Joseline at the third season reunion, Tammy is absent from the show, eventually returning as a supporting cast member for three episodes towards the end of season four.
She rejoins the main cast in season five.[53] The season chronicles the launch of her swimwear line, T-Rivera. While searching for models, she is initially interested in hiring trans woman D. Smith, however the two clash over Waka's controversial comments regarding trans people. Later in the season, she reveals that her and Waka have separated due to his infidelity.[54] The couple eventually reunite in season six and Tammy embarks on a music career. Since 2017, Tammy has achieved relative success as a R&B singer, with several of her songs charting on iTunes.[55][56]
Tammy left the series to film her own spin-off Meet the Flockas, however she would return for two guest appearances during season seven. The spin off never made it to air, and Waka and Tammy would instead go on to star in We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Hip Hop Edition, Waka & Tammy Tie The Knot and Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta.[57]
Season 4 additions[edit]
Stevie J[edit]
Steven Adrian Jordan (born November 2, 1973), known professionally as Stevie J, is a Grammy Award-winning record producer, singer and songwriter, originally from Buffalo, New York.[58] Stevie rose to fame in the 1990s as an in-house producer and writer for Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Records. He has six children, Dorian, Sade, Steven Jr., Savannah, Eva (with Mimi) and Bonnie Bella (with Joseline), all who have made appearances on the show.
Stevie appears in every episode of the first three seasons as a supporting cast member, his turbulent love triangle with baby mama Mimi and aspiring artist Joseline driving many of the show's storylines.
Stevie was promoted to the main cast in season four, which chronicles his legal issues at the time, including a stint in rehab for cocaine addiction.[59] Later in the season, he and Joseline secure a movie deal in Los Angeles, setting up their spin-off show Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood, which would premiere January 25, 2016. When the film's financing falls through, the couple return to Atlanta in season five on bad terms. They break up by the end of the season, and at the season's reunion special, Joseline reveals she is pregnant with his child.
Stevie's life as a bachelor is explored in the spin-off show Leave It To Stevie, which premiered December 19, 2016.
Season six chronicles the birth of Bonnie Bella and the initial controversy surrounding her paternity. Later in the season, he briefly reconciles with Joseline before tensions between her and the show's producers reach a breaking point and she subsequently walks off the show. Season seven chronicles his search to find the new 'First Lady' of his record label Danger Zone, as well as the dramas surrounding his artists Estelita, Erica Mena, Tommie and Just Brittany. He sparks a feud with Erica when his relationship with Estelita turns sexual, culminating in a heated argument at the season's reunion, where he storms off stage.
Leave It To Stevie ended after two seasons, and on July 18, 2018, it was reported that Stevie J had married Faith Evans in Las Vegas. Subsequently, Stevie appears infrequently in season eight, despite being credited in every episode.
Season 6 additions[edit]
Tommie Lee[edit]
Atasha Chizzaah Jefferson Moore (born June 19, 1984), known professionally as Tommie Lee, is an urban model and socialite.[60][61] She has two daughters, Havali and Samaria, from previous relationships. She has had multiple legal issues in the past and gave birth to one of her daughters while incarcerated.
Tommie made a cameo appearance in season one, where she is seen attending Rasheeda's listening party. She joins the supporting cast of season five as the girlfriend of rapper Scrapp DeLeon. The season chronicles their turbulent relationship and her violent rivalry with his baby mama Tiara. The couple later part ways after he is jailed for marijuana trafficking. She later ignites an intense feud with Joseline, which culminates in an off-camera incident in which Tommie attempted to run down Joseline with her car.
Tommie is promoted to the main cast in season six. The season chronicles the launch of her wine line, Le'Don, which is complicated by her struggle with alcoholism. Her drinking problems continue into season seven, straining her already volatile relationship with her mother Samantha and sister Versace, and threatening to derail a potential rap career. In the eleventh episode, 'Houston We Have A Problem', one scene shows an intoxicated Tommie Lee breaking the fourth wall and attacking a producer, as well as security. In an unusual move, executive producer Stephanie Gayle announced to the cast on camera that Tommie was no longer allowed on set, effectively firing her from the show.[62]However, she returned to the show two episodes later, on the condition that she not drink on set.[63]
On October 18, 2018, Tommie was arrested for allegedly attacking her daughter at her high school while heavily intoxicated.[64] On January 3, 2019, while facing up to 54 years behind bars for the crime, Tommie confirmed that she would not be returning to the show.[65] She would appear briefly in unseen archival footage in the eighth season's premiere.
In 2018, Tommie was reported to be making up to $17,000 per season.[10] She also appears in a supporting role in the spin-off Leave It To Stevie.
Season 7 additions[edit]
Jessica Dime[edit]
Jessica Chatman (born January 27, 1986), known professionally as Jessica Dime or Dimepiece, is a rapper, originally from Memphis, Tennessee.[66][67] She relocated to Atlanta from Miami, where she worked as a stripper at the infamous King of Diamonds Gentleman's Club.[68]
Jessica joins the supporting cast of season four as a rival of Joseline, which stems from their stripper days in Miami together.[69] She briefly takes Mimi on as a manager and clashes with Tiffany Foxx. In season five, she briefly dates Lil Scrappy, igniting a feud with Bambi. In season six, she enters a relationship with NBA player Shawne Williams. While vacationing in Jamaica, he proposes and she accepts.
Jessica is promoted to the main cast in season seven. Season seven documents her new engagement and her pregnancy with her first child, a daughter who she gives birth to in the season finale. During filming, Jessica Dime publicly criticised Mona Scott-Young for passing on a proposed wedding special starring her and Shawne.[70][71] Subsequently, she was phased out of the show and did not attend the season's reunion.
Additionally, Jessica appears in two episodes of K. Michelle: My Life. Jessica and Shawne would also appear in We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Hip Hop Edition with several other Love & Hip Hop cast members.
Erica Mena[edit]
Erica Mena (born November 8, 1987) is a former video vixen, socialite and aspiring singer, originally from The Bronx, New York City. She appeared previously on Love & Hip Hop: New York for four seasons.[72]
Erica joins the cast in season seven, relocating to Atlanta after her failed engagement to Bow Wow, hoping to kickstart her music career. She reconnects with her old friend Estelita and tries to steer her clear away from Stevie J, who she views as exploitive and manipulative.
Erica Mena would not return as a series regular after the seventh season's reunion, although she denied she had been fired[73] and would later appear as a commentator for the clip show special 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot, which would air during season eight.
Season 8 additions[edit]
Spice (top) and Yung Joc (below) join the main cast of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta season eight.
Spice[edit]
Grace Latoya Hamilton (born August 6, 1982), known professionally as Spice, is a dancehall recording artist, singer and songwriter, originally from Jamaica.[74][75] She rose to fame in her home country for her collaborations with Vybz Kartel and for her hit single 'So Mi Like It'. She has two children, Nicholas and Nicholatoy, from a previous relationship.
Spice first appears as a guest star in season six, when she performs for the cast during their trip to Jamaica. She joins the supporting cast in season seven, after moving to Atlanta to kickstart her international career. She briefly dates Tabius, sparking a violent feud with his ex girlfriend Tokyo Vanity, which intensifies after she makes derogatory comments about Tokyo's weight. The two later reconcile and become friends.
Spice is promoted to the main cast in season eight. The season chronicles her struggles with colourism as a dark-skinned woman. She begins considering skin bleaching to prove a point on 'black hypocrisy', putting her in conflict with the other cast members.
Scrapp DeLeon[edit]
Will Cortez Robinson (born March 12, 1988), known professionally as Scrapp DeLeon, is a rapper.[76] He rose to fame at a young age as a member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru, with his brother Sas and his cousin Dolla. In 2009, he witnessed the shooting death of Dolla. In 2012, he was accused of the kidnapping, assault and attempted murder of his stepfather. He, along with his mother Karen and brother Sas, were later cleared of all charges. He has two sons, Aking and Akil, from previous relationships. He is a practising Muslim.
Scrapp makes a cameo appearance in season three, where he is seen attending Stevie and Joseline's party. He joins the supporting cast in season five, which chronicles the dramatic love triangle between him, his girlfriend Tommie and his baby's mother Tiarra, reminiscent of his 'uncle' Stevie's earlier relationships with Mimi and Joseline. Midway through the season, he enjoys a casual fling with Karlie. During filming, Scrapp surrendered himself into custody for a marijuana trafficking charge.[77] While incarcerated, he makes appearances in seasons six and seven via phone calls with Karen and the other cast members.
Scrapp is promoted to the main cast in season eight, which chronicles his release from jail and his reunion with his family, including with his estranged father Big Will. While living in a halfway house, he begins dating Moniece Slaughter. This provokes a violent reaction from Tiarra, who was hoping to rekindle their relationship. He and Moniece break up midway through the season after he has an off-camera reunion with Tommie. Later, he develops a romantic interest in Sierra.
Yung Joc[edit]
Jasiel Amon Robinson (born April 2, 1983), known professionally as Yung Joc, is a Grammy Award-nominated rapper, comedian and radio personality.[78] He has eight children to four different women, including Sina Bina, who also appears on the show.[79] He is the cousin of Momma Dee and cousin-uncle of Lil Scrappy.
Joc joins the supporting cast in season three, where he is introduced as Karlie's new man. They break up during the season, when it is revealed that he has been cheating on her with his assistant Khadiyah. Subsequent seasons chronicle his romantic dramas, including Khadiyah's feud with his baby mothers in season four and his fling with his friend J-Nicks' girl Amber Priddy in season five. In season six, he is living on a Llama farm and has rekindled his relationship with Karlie. They break up again due his difficulties remaining faithful, although the two continue a flirtation throughout season seven.
Joc is promoted to the main cast in season eight, where it has revealed that he has been in a serious relationship with attorney Kendra Robinson for years.[80]
Additionally, Joc appears in a supporting role in the spin-off show Leave It To Stevie and the 2019 clip show specials Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified (where he won the Sex, Lies & Videotape category) and 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot.
Supporting[edit]
Cast timeline
Cast member | Seasons | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
Lil Scrappy | Also Starring | |||||||
Ariane Davis | Also Starring | |||||||
Momma Dee | Also Starring | |||||||
Kirk Frost | Also Starring | |||||||
Shay Johnson | Also Starring | Special Guest4 | ||||||
Benzino | Also Starring | |||||||
DJ Babey Drew | Also Starring | |||||||
Waka Flocka Flame | Also Starring | Also Starring | ||||||
Bambi Benson | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Nikko London | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Erica Pinkett | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Kalenna Harper | Also Starring | |||||||
Dawn Heflin | Guest | Also Starring | Guest | |||||
Deb Antney | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Althea Heart | Also Starring | |||||||
Tony Vick | Also Starring | |||||||
Margeaux Simms | Also Starring | |||||||
Ashley Nicole | Also Starring | |||||||
Khadiyah Lewis | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Sina Bina | Also Starring | Guest | Guest | |||||
Tiffany Foxx | Also Starring | |||||||
Ernest Bryant | Also Starring | Guest | ||||||
PreMadonna | Also Starring | |||||||
Karen King | Also Starring | |||||||
Tiarra Becca | Also Starring | Also Starring | ||||||
Chris Gould | Also Starring | |||||||
D. Smith | Also Starring | |||||||
Betty Idol | Also Starring | |||||||
Lyfe Jennings | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Kelsie Frost | Also Starring | Guest | Also Starring | |||||
Shirleen Harvell | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Sas | Also Starring | Guest | ||||||
J-Nicks | Also Starring | |||||||
Amber Priddy | Also Starring | Guest | ||||||
Melissa Scott | Also Starring | |||||||
Jasmine Washington | Also Starring | |||||||
Rod Bullock | Also Starring | |||||||
Keanna Arnold | Also Starring | |||||||
Sierra Gates | Also Starring | |||||||
Moriah Lee | Also Starring | |||||||
Lovely Mimi | Also Starring | |||||||
Tresure Price | Also Starring | |||||||
Shooter Gates | Also Starring | |||||||
Gunplay | Also Starring | |||||||
Estelita Quintero | Also Starring | |||||||
Savannah Jordan | Also Starring | |||||||
Samantha Lee | Also Starring | |||||||
BK Brasco | Also Starring | |||||||
Tokyo Vanity | Also Starring | |||||||
Tabius Tate | Also Starring | |||||||
Keely Hill | Also Starring | |||||||
Just Brittany | Also Starring | |||||||
Shawne Williams | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
K. Botchey | Also Starring | |||||||
Sean Garrett | Also Starring | |||||||
Rich Dollaz | Also Starring | |||||||
Pooh Hicks | Also Starring | |||||||
Che Mack | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Moniece Slaughter | Also Starring | |||||||
Shekinah Anderson | Also Starring | |||||||
Akbar V | Also Starring | |||||||
Cece Shaw | Guest | Also Starring | ||||||
Kendra Robinson | Also Starring |
Note:
- ^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Awards: Most Certified and 40 Greatest Love & Hip Hop Moments: The Reboot specials only.
Original cast members[edit]
Lil Scrappy (top) and Benzino (below) appear as supporting cast members on Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta.
Lil Scrappy[edit]
Darryl Kevin Richardson II (born January 19, 1984), known professionally as Lil Scrappy, is a rapper.[81] He is self-professed 'Prince of the South' who rose to fame in 2006 with his hit single 'Money in the Bank'.
Scrappy's love life drives many of the show's storylines. The firsttwo seasons chronicle his relationship struggles with baby mama Erica, including a brief engagement and a stint in rehab for marijuana addiction.[82] During this time, he enjoys a 'friends-with-benefits' relationship with Shay Johnson, igniting a feud between the two women. In season three, he has moved on from Erica and started dating Bambi, who suffers a miscarriage in an early episode. Scrappy begins confiding in Erica Pinkett, igniting multiple altercations between the two women. He and Bambi have broken up by season five and he pursues romances with Betty Idol and Jessica Dime. However by the season finale, Scrappy wins Bambi back with a proposal which she accepts. They call off the engagement in season six, and Scrappy decides to relocate to Miami.[83][84]
Scrappy appears in a minor supporting role in season one of Love & Hip Hop: Miami, where he attempts to rekindle his relationship with Shay, while having a flirtation with Chinese Kitty.
Scrappy and Bambi reunite offscreen, getting married in Las Vegas on September 8, 2017. They return for three episodes in season seven, where Bambi reveals she is pregnant with their first child. She gives birth to his son, Breland, during season eight.[85]
Additionally, Scrappy appears in a supporting role in the spin-off show Leave It To Stevie.
In 2018, Scrappy was reported to be making up to $200,000 per season.[10]
Ariane Davis[edit]
Ariane Davis (born January 7, 1979) is a socialite and self-professed 'celebrity mixologist',[86] originally from Mississippi.[87][88] She is a lesbian and active within Atlanta's LGBT community.
Ariane is introduced as Mimi's best friend and confidante, who supports her through her relationship dramas with Stevie J. She also develops a friendship with K. Michelle and the other female cast members, and serves as a peacemaker whenever there is internal conflict within the group. However, she is more critical of the show's male cast members, particularly Nikko during the sex tape scandal in seasons three and four. Season five focuses more on her music career ambitions and attempts to kickstart a singing career, with help from D. Smith and K. Michelle.
Ariane is eventually phased out of the series, appearing in a minor role in season six, where she comes into conflict with Melissa, who is revealed to have previously dated both her and Mimi. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Momma Dee[edit]
Lil Scrappy's mother.[89] Dee, real name Deborah Gaither Bryant, is a former pimp and drug dealer who ran a brothel for ten years under the name 'Lady Dee'.[90][91] In addition to Scrappy, she has a daughter, Jasmine, and is also the cousin of Yung Joc. During the show, she has embarked on a music career, releasing the singles 'I Deserve' and 'In That Order' in 2014 and 2016 respectively. In the fourth season, she reunites with her ex-husband Ernest and remarries him in the finale.
Kirk Frost[edit]
Rasheeda's husband and manager.[92] He is the CEO of D-Lo Entertainment. He has seven children, including cast member Kelsie as well as two sons by Rasheeda and a son by Jasmine, along with several grandchildren. In the second season, he was filmed cheating on his (then) pregnant wife with two women, a storyline which attracted controversy and criticism from the media, including from rapper Nicki Minaj.[93] In the sixth season, it is revealed that he has had a secret son with his mistress Jasmine, once again throwing his marriage into turmoil.
In 2018, Kirk was reported to be making up to $300,000 per season.[10]
Shay Johnson[edit]
Lil Scrappy's friend. Johnson is an urban model and reality star who previously appeared as 'Buckeey' on the VH1 reality shows Flavor of Love and Charm School. In the first season, Shay and Scrappy develop a 'friends-with-benefits' relationship, igniting a feud between her and Erica. She appears as a main cast member in the spin-off Love & Hip Hop: Miami.
Benzino[edit]
Stevie J's best friend.[94] Benzino, real name Raymond Scott, is a rapper and CEO at Hip Hop Weekly Magazine. The series focuses on his love life, including his relationships with Karlie Redd and Althea Heart, who he becomes engaged to during the third season. During the second season, under the name 'Zino Grigio', he released 'Smashed Da Homie', a diss track aimed at Joseline. During the filming of season three in 2014, Benzino was shot and wounded by his nephew at his mother's funeral.[95] Later, he has a major falling out with both Stevie J and Joseline, leading to a violent altercation at the third season reunion. He was fired after allegedly threatening a producer of the show.[96]
Season 2 additions[edit]
DJ Babey Drew[edit]
Andrew Bisnaught (born July 6, 1980), known professionally as DJ Babey Drew, is a DJ, originally from Queens, New York City.[97][98] He came into the public eye while working as Chris Brown's tour DJ. Traci and Drew were in a relationship for four years before breaking up while she was pregnant with his child. She gave birth to Drew's son, 'Little Drew', in 2007. Although not mentioned on the show, he also has a daughter, Autumn Noelle, born in 2013 to singer Mieko Love.
Drew joins the cast in season two. The season chronicles his co-parenting struggles with Traci, including jealously over each other's dating lives, and a failed attempt at opening a sneaker boutique together.
Traci and Drew were not well-received by viewers, who dubbed them 'boring' compared to the other cast members, and the two were fired from the show.[49][50]
Season 3 additions[edit]
Waka Flocka Flame (top) and Kalenna Harper (below) join the supporting cast of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta season three.
Waka Flocka Flame[edit]
Juaquin James Malphurs (born May 31, 1986), known professionally as Waka Flocka Flame, is a rapper.[99] He rose to fame for his hit single 'No Hands' and through his collaborations with Gucci Mane. He has been in a relationship with Tammy Rivera since 2011. His mother and manager, Deb Antney, also appears on the show.
Waka joins the supporting cast in season three, which chronicles his relationship struggles with Tammy, including past infidelities and the loss of his brother, Kayo Redd. Later in the season, the couple elope. He returns for two episodes in season five, where his much-publicized comments about transgender people creates tension between Tammy, D. Smith and Betty Idol.[100] Later in the season, Tammy reveals that her and Waka have separated due to his infidelity, however they eventually reunite in season six.[101]
Waka did not attend the season's reunion special, leaving the show to film his own spin-off Meet the Flockas. The spin off never made it to air, and Waka and Tammy would instead go on to star in We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Hip Hop Edition, Waka & Tammy Tie The Knot and Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta.[102]
Bambi Benson[edit]
Adizia Benson (born March 1, 1986), known professionally as Bambi and also known as The Bam, is an urban model, video vixen, rapper and beauty entrepreneur, originally from Compton, California.[103][104] In 2012, she appeared in a supporting role on Basketball Wives LA.
Bambi appears as a guest star in season two as a potential love interest for Benzino, however, most of their scenes together were cut and released on the show's website as bonus material.She joins the supporting cast in season three as Scrappy's new girlfriend. She suffers a miscarriage early into the season, which Scrappy shares with his friend Erica Pinkett, igniting multiple altercations between the two women. During season four, she supports Scrappy through his child support battle with Erica Dixon. In season five, the couple have broken up and are casually dating other people, however by the season finale, Scrappy wins Bambi back with a proposal and the two become engaged. Bambi appears in three episodes in season six before calling off the engagement and quitting the show after her relationship with Scrappy falls apart.[105][106]
Bambi and Scrappy reunite offscreen, getting married in Las Vegas on September 8, 2017. They return for three episodes in season seven, where Bambi reveals she is pregnant with her first child. She gave birth to a son, Breland, while filming season eight.[107]
Nikko London[edit]
Londell Smith (born August 14, 1975), known professionally as Nikko London, is a rapper, record producer and personal trainer, originally from Brooklyn, New York.[108]
Nikko appears a guest star in season two, having rekindled a relationship with Mimi, who he had known years prior. During the season, he clashes with K. Michelle, who accuses him of being gay with his roommate Johnny Crome, and Stevie J, who accuses him of gifting Mimi a fake Rolex. He joins the supporting cast in season three, which chronicles the leak of his sex tape with Mimi, and its subsequent release through Vivid Entertainment. While the tape is initially portrayed as being a stolen home video, the two later admit that the tape was staged.[109] It is revealed towards the end of season that Nikko is still legally married. His wife, Margeaux, joins the cast in season four. He does not return to the show after the season's reunion special, instead going on to appear with Margeaux and her girlfriend Merike as a 'throuple' on We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 6.
Erica Pinkett[edit]
Erica Pinkett (born August 13, 1982), is an actress, originally from Boston, Massachusetts.
Erica appears briefly as a guest star in season two as a flirtatious potential employee at Drew's sneaker store, much to the chagrin of Traci. She joins the supporting cast in season three as Scrappy's friend. Her potential romantic interest in Scrappy ignites a feud with his girlfriend, Bambi. Later, her and Scrappy get into a violent altercation. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special. In 2017, Erica starred in the Tupac ShakurbiopicAll Eyes on Me.
Kalenna Harper[edit]
Kalenna Lashante Harper-Vick (born August 13, 1982), known professionally as Kalenna, is a singer-songwriter, originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[110] She rose to fame as a member of the duo Dirty Money under the mentorship of P. Diddy. She is the wife of producer Tony Vick and the mother of his son, Meshach.
Kalenna joins the supporting in season three as Rasheeda's friend and confidante. Later, she reveals her bisexuality and her relationship with singer Ashley T. Moore.[111] Season four chronicles her battle with postpartum depression after the birth of Noah, her second son with Tony. Later in the season, she clashes with Deb and Tammy, and has a falling out with Rasheeda. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special. In 2016, she gave birth to a daughter, Savannah Alise Vick, her third child with Tony.
Dawn Heflin[edit]
Dawn Shuntrice Heflin (born March 20, 1973), also known as Safari Heflin or Dawn Drennon, is a booking agent, publicist and entertainment manager, originally from Miami, Florida. She has an extensive criminal history, having spent time in prison for drug trafficking and credit card fraud, once sharing a cell block with her future Love & Hip Hop co-star KK.
Dawn appears as a guest star in season two as Joseline's friend and confidante, who helps book her hosting gigs and performances. She joins the supporting cast in season three after having had a falling out with Joseline and Stevie, exposing the real story behind their alleged marriage. In season four, she helps bring Jessica Dime to Atlanta, eventually stealing her as a client from Mimi. Dawn and Joseline rekindle their friendship in season five and Dawn supports her through the demise of her relationship with Stevie. Dawn returns in a guest role in season six, where she helps Joseline with the birth of her daughter, and season seven, where she attends Jessica's baby shower.
Additionally, Dawn appears as a guest star in season one of Love & Hip Hop: Miami as Trick Daddy's manager and friend to Joy and Shay.
Deb Antney[edit]
Debra Antney (born March 10, 1962) is an entertainment manager and the founder and CEO of Mizay Entertainment. She rose to fame for breaking the careers of several high profile artists, such as Gucci Mane, French Montana and Nicki Minaj. She is the mother of rapper Waka Flocka Flame, and has seven other children. She previously appeared in a minor supporting role in the spin-off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones.
Deb appears as a guest star in the firsttwo seasons, acting as a mentor to Rasheeda and the other women. She joins the supporting cast in season three, which chronicles the death of her son, Kayo Redd, which inspires her advocacy for suicide prevention and anti-bullying. She would continue to appear in seasons four, five and six. Deb was eventually phased out of the series as both Waka and Tammy left the show, instead appearing as a supporting cast member and executive producer on We TV's Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta.
Althea Heart[edit]
Althea Eaton (born April 17, 1982), known professionally as Althea Heart or Thi Thi, is a singer.
Althea joins the supporting cast in season three as Benzino's new girlfriend. During the season, it is revealed that she had previously dated Stevie J and Nikko. Later, Benzino proposes and she accepts. The couple have a major falling out with Stevie and Joseline, leading to a violent altercation at the season's reunion special.[96] Althea and Benzino were fired from the show soon after, allegedly when Benzino threatened a producer of the show.[96]
In 2015, Althea appeared with Benzino in We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 4, and gave birth to his son, Zino Antonio Scott Jr. She and Benzino would also appear in TV One's The Next :15. Since 2016, the couple have made headlines in the tabloids for their violent break up and subsequent legal dramas.[112]
Tony Vick[edit]
Anthony Vick (born December 9, 1969), known professionally as T-Vick, is a record producer and club promoter. He is married to Kalenna. He has nine kids to seven baby mothers, along with at least three grandchildren.[113]
Tony joins the supporting cast in season three, which chronicles his marital struggles. In season four, he welcomes his second son, Noah, with Kalenna. He does not return after the season's reunion special. In 2016, Kalenna gave birth to his daughter, Savannah Alise Vick, his tenth child overall.
Season 4 additions[edit]
Margeaux Simms[edit]
Margo Elaine Simms (born August 3, 1985), known professionally as Margeaux, is a singer-songwriter and visual artist, originally from Toronto, Ontario.[114] She married Nikko in 2007, and while they have since separated, they are still legally married. This revelation breaks up Mimi and Nikko in season three.
Margeaux joins the supporting cast in season four, which chronicles her move to Atlanta to kickstart her career, as well as to expose Mimi for fabricating the sex tape 'leak' with her husband. She also ends up clashing with Stevie J and Joseline. Later in the season, she reveals her bisexuality and begins dating model Merike Palmiste.
Margeaux was fired early into production on season five.[115] She would go on to appear with Nikko and Merike as a 'throuple' on We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 6.
Ashley Nicole[edit]
Ashley Nicole (born August 4, 1989) is a singer-songwriter, originally from Washington, D.C.[116] She was raised in Duluth, Georgia by a Dominican father and British mother.
Ashley joins the supporting cast in season four, after signing to D-Lo Entertainment, Kirk's label and management company. She clashes with Rasheeda, who suspects her of sleeping with her husband. It is later revealed that she is a lesbian with a girlfriend of two years, Jamie Smith.[117] She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special. She later admitted in interviews that her storyline was fabricated.[118]
Khadiyah Lewis[edit]
Khadiyah Lewis (born March 31, 1981), also known as KD, is a corporate accountant, business consultant and real estate broker.[119][120]
Khadiyah appears as a guest star during season three as Yung Joc's real estate agent and 'assistant'. It is soon revealed that the two are having sex behind Karlie's back, breaking up their relationship. She joins the supporting cast in season four, having now become Joc's official girlfriend. During the season, she has a rivalry with his four baby mothers, specifically Sina. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion, with Joc revealing in season five that the two had broken up.
Sina Bina[edit]
Sina Bina (born June 23, 1986) is the mother of Yung Joc's twin daughters, Eden and Allon, originally from Compton, California.[121][122][123] She also has a son, Malik Naseem, from a previous relationship.
Sina joins the supporting cast in season four as Khadiyah's main rival for Joc's affections. She returns in a guest role in season six, once again, involving herself in Joc's dating life. She also appears in the special Love & Hip Hop Atlanta: Dirty Little Secrets 2, where it is implied that her and Karlie enjoyed a casual fling.
Tiffany Foxx[edit]
Tiffany Harrison (born November 27, 1981), known professionally as Tiffany Foxx, is a rapper, originally from St. Louis, Missouri.[124][125]
Tiffany joins the supporting cast in season four as Mimi's potential client. She is briefly managed by Mimi, igniting a rivalry with Jessica Dime. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion.
Ernest Bryant[edit]
Ernest Bryant (born November 20, 1962) is Momma Dee's ex-husband. They married on May 24, 1996. She accidentally sent him away to prison for seven years when he was caught with drugs after she called the cops on him for stealing money from Scrappy.
Ernest joins the supporting cast in season four after being released from prison. He and Momma Dee rekindle their romance and remarry in the season finale. He continues to appear throughout seasons five and six, he and Dee's marital struggles serving as the show's comic relief. He returns in a guest role in one episode of season seven. Additionally, he appeared with Dee on We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 11 — Lovers & Liars.
PreMadonna[edit]
Nakeitha Felder (born April 10, 1987), known professionally as PreMadonna, is a fashion designer, entrepreneur and rapper, originally from Miami, Florida.[126] She is the owner of the Waist Gang Society waist trainers, popularised by Kim Kardashian and Blac Chyna.[127]
PreMadonna appears in a minor supporting role for two episodes of season four.
PreMadonna was reported to be part of the cast of Love & Hip Hop: Miami as early as April 2016.[128] Her storyline was tied to Trick Daddy, her manager at the time. She did film scenes throughout the year, including her wedding to Buck Thomas,[129] however, by 2018, she was dropped from the cast and all her scenes were left on the cutting room floor. Instead, she would appear with Buck on We TV's Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 7.
Seven 91 Kirk Boot Shop
Season 5 additions[edit]
Karen King[edit]
Karen Lynn King (born March 9, 1961), also known as KK, is the mother and manager of rappers Scrapp DeLeon and Sas.[130][131] She is a longtime family friend of Stevie J and her sons call him 'uncle'. In 2009, her nephew Dolla was shot and killed.[132] In 2012, she and her sons were accused of the kidnapping, assault and attempted murder of her ex-husband. She went on the run and was featured in an episode of America's Most Wanted. KK was later cleared of all charges. While in jail, she shared a cell block with Dawn.[133]
KK joins the supporting cast in season five, which chronicles her struggles to keep her family together, amid tensions with Scrapp's baby mama Tiarra. During filming, she was arrested for financial identity fraud, theft and first degree forgery.[134] In season six, she attempts to help Tommie overcome her alcoholism and repair her relationship with her mother. This eventually backfires and the two have a falling out. Seasons seven and eight chronicle her efforts to get Scrapp out of jail, and his subsequent release and reunion with his family.
Tiarra Becca[edit]
Tiarra Rebecca Gwynne (born September 26, 1985), known as Tiarra Becca or Tia, is the mother of Scrapp DeLeon's son King, originally from Dayton, Ohio.[135][136] She has four other children to different fathers. She works a day job at a financial firm, while moonlighting as a night club waitress and urban model.
Tiarra joins the supporting cast in season five, which chronicles her co-parenting struggles with Scrapp, amid feuds with his mother KK and his girlfriend Tommie. Later in the season, she begins dating J-Nicks, igniting a feud with his girlfriend Amber Priddy. During the season's reunion, she reveals she is pregnant with her fifth child and has recently married another man. She returns in season seven, now single and appearing mainly as Jasmine's friend and confidante, arranging things so that she comes face to face with Rasheeda. Upon Scrapp's release from prison in season eight, she attempts to rekindle their relationship, however he rejects her.
Chris Gould[edit]
Christian Gould (born October 14, 1983) is introduced as Mimi's significant other. While Mimi introduces Chris repeatedly as her girlfriend and the other cast members refer to him as 'she', Chris identifies as genderqueer (specifically a 'touch-me-not') and prefers male pronouns.[137]
Chris joins the supporting cast in season five, however he breaks up with Mimi halfway through the fifth season, unable to deal with the drama in her life.[138] Chris returns later in the season, revealing his desire to fully transition to male and pursue top surgery. He does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
D. Smith[edit]
Dreshan Nikel Smith (born 1975) is a Grammy Award-winning record producer, recording artist and fashion model.[139][140] She is a trans woman.[141]
D joins the supporting cast in season five, where she clashes with Tammy over Waka Flocka Flame's comments about transgender people and later ignites feuds with Deb, Bambi and Scrappy. She quit the show shortly before the reunion taping, unhappy with her portrayal on the show.
Betty Idol[edit]
Betty Idol (born June 17, 1989) is a singer, originally from Houston, Texas.[142] She is of Colombian and African American ethnicity, mostly known for singing the hook on Rick Ross' single 'Thug Cry'.
Betty joins the supporting cast in season five, where she appears as D. Smith's best friend and confidante. She pursues a romance with Scrappy and clashes with Bambi and Tammy. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Lyfe Jennings[edit]
Chester Jermaine Jennings (born June 3, 1978), professionally known as Lyfe Jennings, is an R&B/soul, singer and songwriter, originally from Toledo, Ohio.
Lyfe appears as a guest star in season four, where it is revealed that he has been dating Karlie.
He joins the supporting cast in season five. He and Karlie break up during the season, allegedly due to her infidelity with Scrapp. It is later revealed that he got another woman pregnant and then got married to a third woman behind her back while they were together.[143][144] He does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Kelsie Frost[edit]
Kelsie Frost (born April 25, 1995) is an aspiring rapper. She is Kirk's daughter, and works as Rasheeda's employee at her boutique store.
Kelsie makes a cameo appearance in season one at Rasheeda and Kirk's vow renewal. She appears in a minor supporting role in season five, which chronicles her struggles to be taken seriously as an artist by her father and stepmother. She returns in a guest role in season six, before appearing again in a supporting role in seasons seven and eight, where she acts as a peacemaker between Jasmine and Kirk as they struggle to co-parent.
Shirleen Harvell[edit]
Shirleen Harvell (born November 1, 1950) is Rasheeda's mother.
Shirleen makes a cameo appearance in season one at Rasheeda and Kirk's vow renewal, and appears as a guest star in seasons two, three and four. She has a strained relationship with her son-in-law Kirk, at one point even running over his motorcycle with her car after finding out he cheated on Rasheeda.
She joins the supporting cast in season five, where she starts working at Rasheeda's boutique store and clashes with Momma Dee. Seasons six and seven chronicle the family's struggles after Jasmine's revelation. Shirleen is eventually phased out of the show.
Sas[edit]
Lyndon Ahlik Smith (born June 2, 1993), known professionally as Sas, is a rapper and member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru. He is KK's son and Scrapp's younger brother. Sas, real name Lyndon Ahlik Smith, is a rapper and member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru. He is practising Muslim. In 2012, he was accused of the kidnapping, assault and attempted murder of his father. He, along with his mother and brother, were later cleared of all charges.
Sas appears in a minor supporting role in season five. After filming, he survived a gun shot to the back of the head.[145] He returns in a guest role in seasons seven and eight.
J-Nicks[edit]
Joshua Nicks (born October 18, 1982), known professionally as J-Nicks or Stuey Rock, is a DJ and radio personality, originally from St. Louis, Missouri. He rose to fame as a host of BET's Rap City. He works as a weekday radio DJ for Hot 107.9.
J-Nicks appears in a minor supporting role in season five. During the season, he pursues a romance with Tiarra, despite being in a relationship with Amber.[146] He does not return to the show after the season finale.
Amber Priddy[edit]
Amber Priddy (born November 6, 1981) is a stripper and urban model, originally from Charlotte, North Carolina.
Amber appears in a minor supporting role in season five, where she pursues a romance with Yung Joc behind J-Nicks' back.[147] She returns in a guest role in season seven, where she reveals that she has been having a sexual relationship with BK behind Sierra's back.
Season 6 additions[edit]
Melissa Scott[edit]
Melissa Scott (born August 23, 1975), also known as DJ M, is a promoter, LGBT events manager and bar owner.[148]
Melissa joins the supporting cast in season six, as a long time friend of both Mimi and Joseline, attempting to act as a peacemaker between the two. Later, it is revealed later that she had a fling with Mimi the summer before, and had a 'friends-with-benefits' relationship with Ariane several years earlier. After having a heated confrontation with Mimi and Mimi's girlfriend Ty in season seven, she is phased out of the show and does not attend the season's reunion special.
Jasmine Washington[edit]
Jasmine Washington (born September 14, 1989), also known as Jasmine Bleu, is a former stripper, originally from White Plains, New York.[149] She met Kirk while working as a stripper in 2016. The two secretly became sexually involved, leading to the birth of a son, Kannon Mekhi.
Jasmine joins the supporting cast in season six, where she reveals her secret to the world, throwing Kirk and Rasheeda's marriage into turmoil. During this time, she is living in a polyamorous relationship with Rod and Keanna.[150] In season seven, she attempts to reach out to Rasheeda's family to get closure, later finally coming face to face with Rasheeda. She returns in one episode in season eight, after Kirk criticises her parenting style.
Rod Bullock[edit]
Rodney Bullock (born March 5, 1979) is a music manager, originally from Indianapolis, Indiana.[151] His bio claims that he was instrumental in discovering Yung Joc's music career. He also shares a past with Mimi, having dated her prior to her relationship with Stevie. It ended badly, with Mimi claiming he is a scammer and con artist.
He joins the supporting cast in season six, having recently been released from prison for money laundering and is living in a polyamorous relationship with both Jasmine and Keanna. He is eventually phased out of the show and does not attend the season's reunion special.
Keanna Arnold[edit]
Keanna Arnold (born August 22, 1985) is a former stripper.[152]
Keanna joins the supporting cast in season six while she is living in a polyamorous relationship with both Jasmine and Rod. She reveals to have also slept with Kirk around the same time as Jasmine. She is eventually phased out of the show and does not attend the season's reunion special.
Sierra Gates[edit]
Sierra Gates (born May 24, 1989) is a beauty entrepreneur who owns The Glam Shop, a hair, nail and beauty salon.[153] She has two children with her husband Shooter.
Sierra joins the supporting cast in season six, where she discovers that Shooter has been having an affair with her assistant Moriah. In season seven, she has separated from Shooter and started dating BK Brasco. During the season, she deals with rumors of infidelity and secret baby mamas surrounding both Shooter and BK. Her and BK break up in season eight after she reveals she cheated on him. Later, she shows an interest in Scrapp DeLeon.
Moriah Lee[edit]
Moriah Lee (born July 21, 1993) is an aspiring business owner, who works as Sierra's marketing assistant.[154]
Moriah joins the supporting cast in season six where it is revealed that she has been having an affair with Sierra's husband, Shooter. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Lovely Mimi[edit]
Miyha Thi Luong (born August 20, 1990), known professionally as Lovely Mimi, is a Vietnamese nail artist and social media personality, originally from the DMV, where she owns a salon. She has two children to her husband Remy Skinner.
Lovely Mimi joins the supporting cast in season six, where she works briefly at Sierra's salon, before the two have a violent falling out. She later forms a friendship with Tommie and the other girls. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Tresure P.[edit]
Tresure Price (born November 20, 1992), known professionally as Tresure P., is an aspiring DJ and radio personality, originally from Houston, Texas. She is a former stripper.
Tresure joins the supporting cast in season six, where she sparks a violent rivalry with Tommie after revealing she is in a relationship with a married man. She also has a friendship with Joc's baby mama Sina, and works as an intern at Joc's radio station. Later, she crashes the cast's Jamaican trip, and gets her wig snatched by Jessica Dime. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Shooter Gates[edit]
Rodricous Gates (born January 17, 1979), known professionally as Shooter, has two children with Sierra.[155]
Shooter joins the supporting cast in season six, where he is revealed to be secretly dating and financially supporting Moriah behind his wife's back. In season seven, he has separated from Sierra, and dealing with the sudden death of his son, Rodricous Jr., who was murdered in a shooting. He does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Gunplay[edit]
Richard Morales Jr. (born July 18, 1979), known professionally as Gunplay, is a rapper, originally from Miami, Florida.
Gunplay appears in a supporting role in one episode of season six, where he convinces his friend Scrappy to move to Miami with him. His appearance served as a teaser for the then-upcoming spin-off Love & Hip Hop: Miami, which would premiere months later and feature him as a main cast member.[156]
Estelita Quintero[edit]
Estelita Quintero (born July 13, 1981), also known as The Panamanian Goddess, is an urban model and singer, originally from Colón, Panama.[157][158] She endured a rough childhood as the youngest daughter of twenty brothers and sisters. She was sexually molested by her father from five years old, he died when she was nine. She fled to America after she was gang raped by five men. By the age of fourteen, she was working as a stripper in Miami. She later lost her mother to cancer, which lead her to attempt suicide twice. She is also a domestic violence survivor, having survived an abusive relationship for many years prior to the show.[159]
Estelita joins the supporting cast member in season six, where she joins Stevie's roster of artists, and clashes with Karlie. In season seven, she is reunited with former friend Erica Mena and struggles to gain control of her career when her relationship with Stevie turns sexual. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Savannah Jordan[edit]
Savannah Jordan (born November 24, 1998) is Stevie J's daughter. She previously appeared as a supporting cast member on the spin-offs Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It to Stevie.
Savannah appears in a minor supporting role in season six, where her strained relationship with Joseline causes problems between her and Stevie. In season seven, she is devastated to learn that her father may have to serve jail time for not paying child support. Later, she gets into a brawl with Erica Mena while defending her father.
Samantha Lee[edit]
Samantha Amanda Lee Moore (born October 1, 1966), also known as Finesse, is Tommie's mother. She has at least four other children, including Duby, Yani, Rayjasha and Versace, who all have appeared on the show. Like her daughter, she has a long criminal history and struggled with substance abuse.
Samantha appears in a minor supporting role in season six, where she tries to salvage her relationship with her daughter. In season seven, she attempts to act as a peacemaker between Tommie and her sister Versace.
Season 7 additions[edit]
BK Brasco[edit]
Romel Cummings (born November 12, 1978), known professionally as BK Brasco, is a rapper, originally from Brownsville, Brooklyn.[160][161] He has two children from previous relationships.
BK joins the supporting cast in season seven as Sierra's new man. During the season, he is accused of cheating on her with Joy and Amber Priddy, as well as lying about how many children he has. He and Sierra break up during season eight, after she admits she cheated on him.
Tokyo Vanity[edit]
Shantell Allen (born September 28, 1994), known professionally as Tokyo Vanity, is a rapper, originally from New Orleans, Louisiana.[162][163] She rose to fame for her 2015 hit 'That's My Best Friend', which went viral on Instagram and Vine. She has garnered media attention for her body positivity and virginity.[164]
Tokyo joins the supporting cast in season seven, which chronicles her relationship struggles with her boyfriend Tabius. The two break up during the season and he begins dating Spice. When Spice makes derogatory comments about Tokyo's weight, the two get into a violent altercation, however they later reconcile and become friends. In season eight, her friendship with Sierra grows strained when Sierra becomes concerned with her health and eating habits.
Tabius Tate[edit]
Tabius Tate (born March 9, 1982) is a rapper, originally from Montgomery, Alabama.
Tabius joins the supporting cast in season seven as Tokyo's long time boyfriend. It is later revealed that he dated Karlie years prior. He and Tokyo break up during the season and he briefly dates Spice, igniting a rivalry between the two women. He does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Keely Hill[edit]
Keely Hill (born October 2, 1984), also known as Keely the Boss, is a music industry executive and marketing representative, originally from Detroit, Michigan.[165][166] She has a son, Xavier J. McKnight, with rapper Bleu DaVinci, who also appears on the show.
Keely joins the supporting cast in season seven as Shooter's long time friend and confidante. She has a severe dislike for Sierra, and the two women get into several altercations during the season. She also later sparks feuds with Karlie, Tokyo and Just Brittany. During the season, she is dating K. Botchey, however the two break up after Keely refuses to tell him who her baby daddy is, and when it is revealed that Botchey is still dealing with his ex-girlfriend Crystal. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Just Brittany[edit]
Brittany Bullock (born June 11, 1989), known professionally as Just Brittany, is a recording artist and singer, originally from Houston, Texas.[167] She was part of the original cast of Love & Hip Hop: Houston, before the show was shelved in 2016. In 2017, Brittany became one of the winners of the VH1 show Signed, under the mentorship of Rick Ross.[168]
Brittany joins the supporting cast in season seven, as an aspiring artist under Stevie J's management. She sparks her violent feud with Estelita and Erica Mena when they compete to become the 'First Lady' of Danger Zone, Stevie's label. She also admits to having had a casual fling with Stevie. She does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Shawne Williams[edit]
Shawne Brian Williams (born February 16, 1986) is a professional basketball player, originally from Memphis, Tennessee.
Shawne first appears as a guest star in season six, as Jessica Dime's long time boyfriend and childhood sweetheart. On the cast's trip to Jamaica, he proposes and she accepts. He joins the supporting cast in season seven, which chronicles the birth of his first child with Jessica. He and Jessica do not return to the show after the season finale and do not attend the season's reunion special.
K. Botchey[edit]
Kwabena Botchey (born 1984), known professionally as K. Botchey, is a promoter and events manager.[169]
Botchey joins the supporting cast in season seven as Keely's long time boyfriend. The two break up during the season and he does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Sean Garrett[edit]
Garrett Hamler (born March 30, 1979), known professionally as Sean Garrett, is a Grammy Award-winning record producer and recording artist.[170]
Sean joins the supporting cast in season seven as Karlie's new man. The two break up during the season due to her 'messiness'. Later, he gets into a violent altercation with Stevie J. He does not return to the show after the season's reunion special.
Rich Dollaz[edit]
Richard Trowers (born August 4, 1975), known professionally as Rich Dollaz, is a entertainment manager. He has appeared on Love & Hip Hop: New York for the last eight years and is the show's only original cast member. He dated Erica Mena for several years, their tumultuous, on-and-off again relationship chronicled for several seasons of the show. He also appeared on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood's second season.
Dollaz appears in a minor supporting role in the last two episodes of season seven, as part of a scheme by Stevie to get revenge on Erica Mena.[171] His appearance on the show makes him the only supporting cast member to appear on three of the show's incarnations, New York, Hollywood and Atlanta.
Season 8 additions[edit]
Pooh Hicks[edit]
Pooh Hicks (born December 8, 1974), known professionally as Miss Pooh, is a socialite and wife of music producer Hiriam Hicks, originally from Detroit, Michigan.[172] The two met while she was working as a stripper. She is openly bisexual and her and her husband have an open marriage.
Pooh joins the supporting cast in season eight, as an estranged former friend of Karlie's. Pooh reveals the two had a threesome with her husband, igniting a violent feud between the two.
Che Mack[edit]
Chavante Mack (born March 9, 1984), known professionally as Che Mack, is a rapper and DJ, originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[173]
Che first appears as a guest star in season one, as an aspiring artist under Stevie J's management, who later ignites a violent rivalry with Joseline in season two.
On January 16, 2017, Che gave birth to a daughter, Ginger Specelle Mosley, with the rapper Made Man.[174] She returns as a supporting cast member in season eight, which chronicles their relationship struggles.
Moniece Slaughter[edit]
Moniece Linae Slaughter (born March 4, 1987), also known as Kali, is a singer-songwriter, originally from Los Angeles, California.[175] She is as a main cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood and is one of the show's original eight cast members. She also previously appeared in a minor supporting role on Love & Hip Hop: New York.
Moniece joins the supporting cast in season eight, where it is revealed that she has been Scrapp DeLeon's pen pal while he was in prison. Upon his release, a romance blossoms between the two. They break up midway through the season, after he is seen canoodling with his ex-girlfriend Tommie.
Shekinah Anderson[edit]
Shekinah Anderson (born May 31, 1984), also known as Shekinah Jo or Shekinah Jones, is a hair stylist and entrepreneur.[176] She rose to fame as the best friend of Tiny on the VH1 reality shows T.I. & Tiny: The Family Hustle and Tiny & Shekinah's Weave Trip.
Shekinah joins the supporting cast in season eight, as a longtime friend of Rasheeda, Karlie, Tokyo Vanity, Sierra and Che.
Akbar V[edit]
Valerie Raven (born August 22, 1989), known professionally as Akbar V, is a rapper.[177] She endured a rough childhood growing up in Cleveland Ave, including experiencing drug addiction, sexual abuse, the death of her mother and having survived a gunshot wound to the head. Her cousin is Kandi Burruss. She has five children from previous relationships, including Dorribion who appears on the show.
Akbar joins the supporting cast in season eight, which chronicles her struggles to escape the hood and kickstart her career. During the season, she ignites a violent feud with Tokyo Vanity and Spice.
Cece Shaw[edit]
Clemmie Shaw (born January 9, 1957), also known as Cece or Ms. Cee Cee, is Bambi's mother, originally from Compton, California.
Cece appears in a minor supporting role in season eight, which chronicles her strained relationship with Momma Dee as their prepare for the birth of their grandchild.
Kendra Robinson[edit]
Kendra Robinson (born January 26, 1988) is a criminal defense attorney and realtor, originally from Clinton, South Carolina.[178]
Kendra joins the supporting cast in season eight, where it is revealed that she has been in a relationship with Yung Joc for the past few years. During the season, she comes into conflict with Karlie, who claims Joc pursued her while they were together.
Guest stars[edit]
Several members of the cast's inner circle appear as recurring guest stars. They include:
Introduced in season 1
- Mingnon Dixon, Erica's mother, a recovering crack cocaine addict and Momma Dee's rival
- Dr. Jeff, therapist who works with Mimi, Joseline and Stevie
- Fly Dantoni, rapper and record producer, Joseline's friend and occasional enemy
- Eva Jordan, daughter of Mimi and Stevie, cast member on the spin-off Leave It to Stevie
Introduced in season 2
- Johnny Crome, rapper, Nikko's roommate, accused of being gay by K. Michelle
- DaShaun Johnson, personal trainer, Traci's love interest
- Bobby V, singer, friend to Scrappy, Kirk and Benzino
- Mary Jane, Kirk's jacuzzi fling
- Moses Jordan, Stevie J's father
Introduced in season 3
- O'Shea Jackson, model, Erica's love interest
- Jasmine Swann, waitress, Kirk's potential babysitter
- Ashley T. Moore, bisexual singer, Kalenna's ex-girlfriend
Introduced in season 4
- Faith Evans, singer, songwriter, Stevie's friend and confidante, cast member on the spin-off Leave It to Stevie, later Stevie's wife
- Jazze Pha, record producer, interested in working with Jessica Dime, Tiffany Foxx and Erica Mena
- Jasmine Brown, Scrappy's sister, disapproves of Momma Dee's relationship with Ernest
- Bessie Bryant, Ernest's mother
- DJ Toni K, Ariane's girlfriend
Introduced in season 5
- Taylor Hall, urban model, Scrappy's assistant, Yung Joc's love interest
- Shod Santiago, gay stylist, Tammy's friend
- Chaz Gotti, rapper, Waka's friend, Bambi's love interest
- Lil' Fizz, rapper, cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
- Nikki Mudarris, socialite, Joseline's friend-with-benefits, cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
- Jonathan Fernandez, make up artist, cast member on K. Michelle: My Life and Love & Hip Hop: New York
- Deelishis, urban model, Stevie's love interest
- Young Dro, rapper, Joseline's love interest
Introduced in season 6
- Alexis Skyyy, socialite, Jessica Dime's love interest, cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood and Love & Hip Hop: New York
- Sade Jordan, Stevie's daughter, cast member on the spin-offs Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It to Stevie
- Dorian Jordan, Stevie's son, cast member on the spin-off Leave It to Stevie
- Kermit Silva, Joseline's brother
- Ceaser Emmanuel, tattoo artist, Karlie's boyfriend, cast member on Black Ink Crew
- Logan Bullard, Jasmine's ex-boyfriend, suspected father of her child
- Ky Frost, son of Rasheeda and Kirk
- Stevie Jordan Jr., Stevie's son, cast member on the spin-offs Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It to Stevie
Introduced in season 7
- Ty Young, basketball player, Mimi's girlfriend
- Versace, Tommie's estranged sister
- Duby, Yani and Rayjasha, Tommie's siblings
- Albee Yours, Erica Mena's friend
- Bleu DaVinci, rapper, Keely's baby daddy
The show also features minor appearances from notable figures within the hip hop industry and Atlanta's social scene, including J. Que, Bryan-Michael Cox, Kenny Burns, Stevie Baggs, Vincent Herbert, Roscoe Dash, Beenie Man, Steven Hirsch, Jeremih, DJ Vlad, Snoop Dogg, Jermaine Dupri, T-Pain, Katt Williams, CeeLo Green, Tony Rock, Russell Simmons, Jasmine Burke, Kandi Burruss, Dr. Jackie Walters, Michael Blackson, Cocoa Brown and Sam Phillips.
Executive producer Mona Scott-Young hosted the first two season's reunions, comedian Sommore hosted the third season reunion. Subsequent seasons are hosted by Nina Parker.
References[edit]
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- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#nikko-london
- ^'Love and Hip Hop Atlanta's Mimi Faust Reveals Sex Tape Was Staged All Along'. US Weekly.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#kalenna-harper
- ^'Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta Reunion Bonus Footage: Kalenna Explains Why She's Bisexual'. VH1.
- ^https://www.intouchweekly.com/posts/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-benzino-althea-eaton-arrested-154327/
- ^'Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta's Tony Finally Explains His 9 Kids + 7 Baby Mommas'. VH1.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#margeaux-simms
- ^''LOVE & HIP HOP: ATLANTA' STARS: WE GOT FIRED & JOB-BLOCKED BY EXECS'. TMZ.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#ashley-nicole
- ^'Ashley Nicole Is Not into Kirk (Because She's into Girls)'. VH1.
- ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOmXRe0PKts
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#khadiyah
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/jijiww/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-meet-khadiyah
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#sina
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/f64bh0/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-get-to-know-sina
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/8xe6jy/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-joc-s-baby-mama-club
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#tiffany-foxx
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/mya7pr/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-name-dropping
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#premadonna
- ^'Meet Premadonna, #LHHATL 'Newbie' & Billion Dollar Waist Trainer Guru'. StraightFromTheA.
- ^http://thejasminebrand.com/2016/04/18/trick-daddy-premadonna-love-hip-hop-miami-spin-off/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/277671/premadonna-buck-thomas-wedding/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#karen-king
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/m1xx16/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-5-meet-karen-kk-king
- ^'R.I.P. Dolla: My Brother's Keeper [Scrapp Deleon]'. XXL Magazine.
- ^'LHH Atlanta Star Karen King arrested with sons Sas and Scrapp for kidnapping, assault in 2012'. Starcasm.
- ^''Love & Hip Hop' Star Alleged Saks Spree Might Cost Her 3 YEARS!'. TMZ.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#tiarra
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/cegbwr/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-5-meet-tiarra
- ^'Chris Candidly Explains His Gender Identity and Clarifies What a 'Touch-Me-Not' Is'. VH1.
- ^'Love & Hip Hop Atlanta's Chris Is Done With Reality TV, Calls The Show Too 'Extra''. VH1.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#d-smith
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/1wm1kn/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-5-meet-d-smith-and-betty-idol
- ^'Who Is D. Smith? Meet the Grammy-Winning Producer Making History as the First Transgender Woman on Love & Hip Hop'. VH1.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#betty-idol
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/273217/karlie-comes-face-to-face-with-lyfes-baby-mom/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/269859/karlie-redd-finds-out-lyfe-jennings-is-married-sneak-peek/
- ^''Love & Hip Hop Atlanta' Star Sas Shot in the Head'. XXL Magazine.
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/272398/amber-priddy-loses-her-cool-when-she-sees-tiarra-and-j-nicks-together/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/268708/amber-priddy-rubs-on-yung-joc-love-hip-hop-atlanta-sneak/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#melissa-scott
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#jasmine-washington
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/306150/kirk-cheated-with-jasmine-keanna-three-way-rod/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#rod-bullok
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#Keanna-Arnold
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#sierra-gates
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#moriah-lee
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#rod-shooter-gates
- ^http://www.hip-hopvibe.com/2017/05/08/gunplay-showed-up-on-lhhatl-and-fans-speculate-that-he-is-being-used-to-introduce-love-hip-hop-miami/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#estelita-quintero
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/rx3mzt/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-estelita
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/zrqenp/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-a-heartbreaking-history
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#bk-brasco
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/3nit44/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-bk-brasco
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#tokyo-vanity
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/zo2x2u/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-tokyo-vanity
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/355489/tokyo-vanity-virginity-interview/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#keely-hill
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/dtdkc1/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-love-hip-hop-atlanta-season-7-meet-the-cast-keely-the-boss
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#just-brittany
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/327450/cozy-and-just-brittany-get-signed/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#k-botchey
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#sean-garrett
- ^http://www.vh1.com/video-clips/864i5e/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta-time-for-reinforcements
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#pooh-hicks
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#che-mack
- ^http://www.vh1.com/news/298627/che-mack-gave-birth-to-baby-girl-ginger-mosley/
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#moniece-slaughter
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#shekinah
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#akbar-v
- ^http://www.vh1.com/shows/love-and-hip-hop-atlanta/cast#kendra-r
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Love_%26_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta_cast_members&oldid=903695375'
The North Berwick Witches meet the Devil in the local kirkyard, from a contemporary pamphlet, Newes from Scotland
Witch trials in early modern Scotland were the judicial proceedings in Scotland between the early sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century concerned with crimes of witchcraft, part of a series of witch trials in Early Modern Europe. In the late middle age there were a handful of prosecutions for harm done through witchcraft, but the passing of the Witchcraft Act 1563 made witchcraft, or consulting with witches, capital crimes. The first major series of trials under the new act were the North Berwick witch trials, beginning in 1589, in which King James VI played a major part as 'victim' and investigator. He became interested in witchcraft and published a defence of witch-hunting in the Daemonologie in 1597, but he appears to have become increasingly sceptical and eventually took steps to limit prosecutions.
An estimated 4,000 to 6,000 people, mostly from the Scottish Lowlands, were tried for witchcraft in this period, a much higher rate than for neighbouring England. There were major series of trials in 1590–91, 1597, 1628–31, 1649–50 and 1661–62. Seventy-five per cent of the accused were women. Modern estimates indicate that more than 1,500 persons were executed; most were strangled and then burned. The hunts subsided under English occupation after the Civil Wars during the period of the Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell in the 1650s, but returned after the Restoration in 1660, causing some alarm and leading to the Privy Council of Scotland limiting arrests, prosecutions and torture. There was also growing scepticism in the later seventeenth century, while some of the factors that may have contributed to the trials, such as economic distress, subsided. Although there were occasional local outbreaks of witch-hunting, the last recorded executions were in 1706 and the last trial in 1727. The Scottish and English parliaments merged in 1707, and the unified British parliament repealed the 1563 Act in 1736.
Many causes have been suggested for the hunts, including economic distress, changing attitudes to women, the rise of a 'godly state',[1] the inquisitorial Scottish judicial system, the widespread use of judicial torture, the role of the local kirk, decentralised justice and the prevalence of the idea of the diabolic pact. The proliferation of partial explanations for the witch-hunt has led some historians to proffer the concept of 'associated circumstances', rather than one single significant cause.[2]
- 1Origins
Origins[edit]
Legal origins[edit]
Illustration of witches, perhaps being tortured before James VI, from his Daemonologie (1597)
For late Medieval Scotland there is evidence of occasional prosecutions of individuals for causing harm through witchcraft. High-profile political cases included the action against John Stewart, Earl of Mar for allegedly using sorcery against his brother King James III in 1479.[3] Evidence of these political cases indicates that they were becoming rarer in the first half of the sixteenth century however.[4] Popular belief in magic was widespread in the Middle Ages, but theologians had been generally sceptical, and lawyers only interested in prosecuting cases in which harm from magic was evident. From the late sixteenth century attitudes began to change, and witches were seen as deriving powers from the Devil, with the result that witchcraft was seen as a form of heresy. These ideas were widely accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth century.[3] In the aftermath of the initial Reformation settlement of 1560, Parliament passed the Witchcraft Act 1563, one of a series of laws underpinning Biblical laws[3] and similar to that passed in England a year earlier, which made the practice of witchcraft itself, and consulting with witches, capital crimes.[4] The first witch-hunt under the act was in the east of the country in 1568–69 in Angus and the Mearns,[5] where there were unsuccessful attempts to introduce elements of the diabolic pact and the hunt collapsed.[6]
Role of James VI[edit]
James VI's visit to Denmark in 1589, where witch-hunts were already common, may have encouraged an interest in the study of witchcraft, and he came to see the storms he encountered on his voyage as the result of magic.[7] After his return to Scotland, he attended the North Berwick witch trials, the first major persecution of witches in Scotland under the 1563 Act and the first known to successfully involve the diabolic pact. Several people, most notably Agnes Sampson and the schoolmaster John Fian, were convicted of using witchcraft to send storms against James' ship. James became obsessed with the threat posed by witches. He subsequently believed that a nobleman, Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, was a witch, and after the latter fled in fear of his life, he was outlawed as a traitor. The king subsequently set up royal commissions to hunt down witches in his realm, recommending torture in dealing with suspects. James is known to have personally supervised the torture of women accused of being witches.[8] Inspired by his personal involvement, in 1597 he wrote the Daemonologie, a tract that opposed the practice of witchcraft and which provided background material for Shakespeare's Tragedy of Macbeth, which contains probably the most famous literary depiction of Scottish witches.[8]
James imported continental explanations of witchcraft. In the view of Thomas Lolis, James I's goal was to divert suspicion away from male homosociality among the elite, and focus fear on female communities and large gatherings of women. He thought they threatened his political power so he laid the foundation for witchcraft and occultism policies, especially in Scotland. The point was that a widespread belief in the conspiracy of witches and a witches' Sabbath with the devil deprived women of political influence. Occult power was supposedly a womanly trait because women were weaker and more susceptible to the devil.[9] However, after the publication of Daemonologie his views became more sceptical,[10] and in the same year he revoked the standing commissions on witchcraft, limiting prosecutions by the central courts.[11]
Nature of the trials[edit]
Despite the fact that Scotland probably had about one quarter of the population of England, it had three times the number of witchcraft prosecutions, at an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 over the entire period.[4] This was about four times the European average.[3] The overwhelming majority were in the Lowlands,[11] where the Kirk had more control, despite the evidence that basic magical beliefs were very widespread in the Highlands.[2] Persecution of witchcraft in Orkney differed from the mainland with most trials taking place before 1650.[12] Large series of trials included those in 1590–91 and the Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597, which took place across Scotland from March to October. At least 400 people were put on trial for various forms of diabolism. The exact number of those executed as a result of these trials is unknown, but is believed to be about 200. Later major trials included hunts in 1628–31 and 1649–50. Probably the most intense witch-hunt was in 1661–62, which involved some 664 named witches in four counties.[13]
False witch-pricking bodkins from Reginald Scott's Discovery of Witchcraft, 1584
Most of the accused, some 75%, were women, though some men were also executed as witches or as warlocks. Modern estimates indicate that over 1,500 persons were executed.[14] Most of these were older women, with some younger women and men accused because they were related to an accused witch, usually as daughters and husbands. Some men were accused because they were folk healers who were felt to have misused their powers, although folk healers as a group were not targeted. Most were not vagrants or beggars, but settled members of their communities. Most had built a reputation for witchcraft over years, which resulted in prosecution when a 'victim' suffered ill fortune, particularly after a curse had been issued. The use of curses by some women as a means of acquiring social power may have made this process more likely to occur.[3]
Almost all witchcraft prosecutions took place in secular courts under the provisions of the 1563 Act.[15] In 1649 the religiously radical Covenanter regime passed a new witchcraft act that ratified the existing act and extended it to deal with consulters of 'Devils and familiar spirits', who would now be punished with death.[16] There were three main types of court in which accused witches could be tried. First was the Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh, which took cases from all over Scotland, with a heavy bias to the local region. Next were the circuit courts, presided over by judges from the central courts and held in the various shires of the country. Finally, there were a series of ad hoc local courts, held under commissions by the Privy Council or Parliament and staffed by local landholders and gentlemen to try witches in the places where they were accused. Based on known outcomes, the execution rates for the local courts was much higher than the courts run by professional lawyers, with the local courts executing some 90 per cent of the accused, the Judiciary Court 55 per cent, but the circuit courts only 16 per cent.[15] After the revocation of the standing commissions in 1597, the pursuit of witchcraft was largely taken over by kirk sessions, disciplinary committees run by the parish elite, and was often used to attack 'superstitious' and Catholic practices.[14] The central courts only launched a trial when the Privy Council issued a commission, although the council did not have full control over prosecutions in the Court of Judiciary.[2]
Scottish witchcraft trials were notable for their use of pricking,[3] in which a suspect's skin was pierced with needles, pins and bodkins as it was believed that they would possess a Devil's mark through which they could not feel pain.[17] Professional prickers included John Kincaid and John Dick, whose actions helped set off the outbreak of witch-hunting in 1661–62, and whose exposure as frauds, and subsequent imprisonment, helped end the trials.[18] Judicial torture was used in some high-profile cases, like that of John Fine, one of the witches accused of plotting the death of the king in 1590, whose feet were crushed in a shin press, known as the boots.[19] However, these cases were relatively rare. Confessions, considered the best evidence for conviction, were more usually extracted by 'waking' the witch, keeping the suspect sleep deprived. After about three days individuals tend to hallucinate, and this provided some exotic detail in witchcraft trials.[3] In Scotland, convicted witches were usually strangled at the stake before having their bodies burned, although there are instances where they were burned alive.[20][21]
Witch beliefs[edit]
Illustration of Doctor Fian, from Newes from Scotland
The belief that witches could cause harm was common among all social groups in early modern Scotland. In 1701 in Anstruther, Elizabeth Dick had been turned away from the local mill when begging. She cursed the mill and several witnesses testified that the grain in the mill turned red. Only when one of the people who had refused her help ran after her and gave her alms did she bless the mill and everything returned to normal.[22] About half of accused witches had already gained a reputation for causing harm over a long period of time.[3] The fact that only four per cent of recorded accused witches were involved in folk healing seems to indicate that healing skills were largely seen as different from witchcraft.[23] The Aberdeenshire trials of 1596 reveal that spells could be purchased from folk magicians for success at fishing, to ensure a happy marriage, to prolong life and to affect the weather, but harmful spells were considered witchcraft. Many accusations included sexual fears. Margaret Bain, a midwife, it was claimed, could transfer the pains of childbirth to a woman's husband and Helen Gray cast a spell on a man that gave him a permanent erection.[24] Witches and other sorts of folk magicians could also carry out divinations. These included by reading the marks on the shoulder blade of a slaughtered animal, measuring a person's sleeve or waist to see if they were suffering from a fever, or being able to find answers based on which way a sieve suspended from scissors or shears swung, as Margaret Mungo was accused of doing before the kirk session of Dingwall in 1649.[25]
It has often been stated that Scottish witchcraft was particularly concerned with the demonic pact. In the high court, Katherine Sands, who was one of four women accused of witchcraft at Culross in 1675, admitted to renouncing her baptism, receiving the Devil's mark and having sex with the Devil, but in local trials these demonic elements were rarer.[26] Stuart MacDonald notes that in trials from Fife the Devil was a relatively insignificant and indistinct figure and that a number of instances of covens meeting look like fairy revels, where the dancing fairies traditionally disappeared when a human broke the ring, rather than satanic gatherings.[26] Fairies were an important part of magical beliefs in Scotland. Isobel Gowdie, the young wife of a cottar from near Auldearn, who was tried for witchcraft in 1662, left four depositions, gained without torture, that provide one of the most detailed insights into magical beliefs in Britain. She stated that her coven met on nearby Downie Hill, that they could transform themselves into hares and that she had been entertained by the Queen of the Fairies in her home under the hill.[27] J. A. MacCulloch argued that there was a 'mingling of beliefs' in Scotland, between popular belief in fairies and elite Christian ideas of demonic action.[28]
Decline[edit]
In the seventeenth century there was growing scepticism about the reality of witchcraft among the educated elite.[3] Scotland was defeated in the Civil Wars by the forces of the English parliament led by Oliver Cromwell and occupied. In 1652 Scotland was declared part of a Commonwealth with England and Ireland and the Privy Council and courts ceased to exist. The English judges who replaced them were hostile to the use of torture and often sceptical of the evidence it produced, resulting in a decline in prosecutions.[29] In an attempt to gain support among the landholding orders, Sheriff's courts were re-established and Justices of the Peace returned in 1656. The result was a wave of witchcraft cases, with 102 in the period 1657–59. The limitations on prosecutions were fully reversed with the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and there was a flood of over 600 cases[30] that alarmed the restored Privy Council, leading it to insist on the necessity of its commission for an arrest or prosecution, and banning judicial torture.[2]
Reprint of the title page of George Sinclair's Satans Invisible World (1685), one of the many tracts published in Scotland arguing against sceptical views of witchcraft
Prosecutions began to decline as trials were more tightly controlled by the judiciary and government, torture was more sparingly used and standards of evidence were raised.[29] The exposure of prickers as frauds in 1662 removed a major form of evidence.[3] The Lord AdvocateGeorge Mackenzie made efforts to make prosecutions ineffective.[2] There may also have been a growing popular scepticism, and, with relative peace and stability, the economic and social tensions that may have contributed to accusations were reduced, although there were occasional local outbreaks, like those in East Lothian in 1678 and in Paisley in 1697. The last executions in the records of the central courts were in 1706. The last trial was held in the court of a sheriff-depute at Dornoch in 1727, and was of questionable legality. The British parliament repealed the 1563 Act in 1736, making the legal pursuit of witches impossible.[29] Nevertheless, basic magical beliefs persisted, particularly in the Highlands and Islands.[2]
Causes[edit]
Various reasons for the Scottish witch-hunt, and its more intense nature than that in England, have been advanced by historians. Older theories, that there was a widespread pagan cult that was persecuted in this period and that the witch-hunts were the result of a rising medical profession eliminating folk healers, have been discredited among professional historians.[3] Most of the major periods of prosecution coincided with periods of intense economic distress,[11] and some accusations may have followed the withdrawal of charity from marginal figures, particularly the single women that made up many of the accused.[31] The reformed Kirk that emerged from 1560 was heavily influenced by Calvinism and Presbyterianism, and may have perceived women as more of a moral threat.[2] As a result the witch-hunt in Scotland has been seen as a means of controlling women.[14] Christina Larner suggested that the outbreak of the hunt in the mid-sixteenth century was tied to the rise of a 'godly state', where the reformed Kirk was closely linked to an increasingly intrusive Scottish crown and legal system.
It has been suggested that the intensity of Scottish witch-hunting was due to an inquisitorial judicial system and the widespread use of judicial torture. However, Brian P. Levack argues that the Scottish system was only partly inquisitorial and that use of judicial torture was extremely limited, similar to the situation in England. A relatively high level of acquittal in Scottish trials may have been due to the employment of defence lawyers in Scottish courts, a benefit not given accused witches in England. The close involvement of the Scottish Kirk in trials and the decentralised nature of Scottish courts, where local magistrates heard many cases (in contrast to England where most were before a small number of circuit judges), may have contributed to higher rates of prosecution.[32] The diabolic pact is often stated as a major difference between Scottish and English witchcraft cases, but Stuart Maxwell argues that the iconography of Satan may be an imposition of central government beliefs on local traditions, particularly those concerned with fairies, which were more persistent in Scotland than in England.[33] The proliferation of partial explanations for the witch-hunt has led some historians to proffer the concept of 'associated circumstances', rather than one single significant cause.[2]
Notes[edit]
- ^J. Sharpe, 'Witch-hunting and witch historiography: some Anglo-Scottish comparisons', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, pp. 185–9.
- ^ abcdefghR. Mitchison, Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), ISBN0-7486-0233-X, pp. 88–9.
- ^ abcdefghijkJ. Goodare, 'Witch-hunts', in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN0-19-211696-7, pp. 644–5.
- ^ abcK. A. Edwards, 'Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart Scotland', in K. Cartwright, A Companion to Tudor Literature Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture (Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), ISBN1-4051-5477-2, p. 32.
- ^L. Normand and G. Roberts, Witchcraft in early modern Scotland: James VI's demonology and the North Berwick witches (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000), 085989388X, p. 5.
- ^L. Martin, 'The Devil and domestic witchcraft: witchcraft, quarrels and women's work in Scotland' n J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 78.
- ^P. Croft, King James (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), ISBN0-333-61395-3, p. 26.
- ^ abJ. Keay and J. Keay, Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland (London: Harper Collins, 1994), ISBN0-00-255082-2, p. 556.
- ^Thomas Lolis, 'The City of Witches: James I, the Unholy Sabbath, and the Homosocial Refashioning of the Witches’ Community', CLIO (2008) 37(3), pp. 322-37.
- ^P. Croft, King James (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), ISBN0-333-61395-3, p. 27.
- ^ abcJ. Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), ISBN0-7486-0276-3, pp. 168–9.
- ^Liv Helene Willumsen, 'Witches of the North: Scotland and Finnmark', (BRILL, 2013), ISBN978-90-04-25292-9, p. 150.
- ^B. P. Levack, 'The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 169.
- ^ abcS. J. Brown, 'Religion and society to c. 1900', T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), ISBN0-19-956369-1, p. 81.
- ^ abB. P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London: Longman, 1987), ISBN0-582-49123-1, pp. 87–9.
- ^J. R. Young, 'The Covenanters and the Scottish Parliament, 1639–51: the rule of the godly and the 'second Scottish Reformation', E. Boran and C. Gribben, eds, Enforcing Reformation in Ireland and Scotland, 1550–1700 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), ISBN0-7546-8223-4, pp. 149–50.
- ^B. P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London: Pearson, 3rd edn., 2006), ISBN0-582-41901-8, p. 52.
- ^D. Burton and D. Grandy, Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization (Indiana University Press, 2004), ISBN0-253-21656-7, p. 170.
- ^B. P. Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London: Longman, 1987), ISBN0-582-49123-1, p. 74.
- ^J. Goodare, 'Introduction', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 1.
- ^J. W. Brodie-Innes, Scottish Witchcraft Trials (1891, Kessinger Publishing, 2003), ISBN0-7661-6555-8, p. 44.
- ^S. MacDonald, 'In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 48.
- ^J. McCallum, Reforming the Scottish Parish: The Reformation in Fife, 1560–1640 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), ISBN0-7546-9624-3, p. 204.
- ^L. Henderson, 'Detestable slaves of the Devil': Changing ideas about witchcraft in sixteenth-century Scotland' in E. J. Cowan and L. Henderson, eds, A History of Everyday Life in Medieval Scotland, 1000 to 1600 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), ISBN0-7486-2157-1, p. 227.
- ^P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland (Dundurn, 2001), ISBN1-86232-136-1, p. 25.
- ^ abS. MacDonald, 'In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 45.
- ^E. Wilby, The Visions of Isobel Gowdie: Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth-century Scotland (Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press, 2010), ISBN1-84519-180-3, pp. 3, 79 and 138.
- ^S. MacDonald, 'In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 47.
- ^ abcB. P. Levack, 'The decline and end of Scottish witch-hunting', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, pp. 166–80.
- ^M. Lynch, Scotland: a New History (London: Random House, 1991), ISBN1-4464-7563-8, p. 286.
- ^L. Martin, 'The Devil and the domestic: witchcraft, quarrels and women's work in Scotland', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, p. 75.
- ^B. P. Levack, 'State Building and witch-hunting in early modern Europe', in J. Barry, M. Hester, and G. Roberts, eds, Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), ISBN0-521-63875-5, p. 118.
- ^S. MacDonald, 'In search of the devil in Fife witchcraft cases 1560–1705', in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-6024-9, pp. 34 and 47-8.
Further reading[edit]
- Davidson, Thomas (1949), Rowan Tree and Red Thread: A Scottish Witchcraft Miscellany of Tales, Legends and Ballads; Together with a Description of the Witches' Rites and ceremonies, Oliver and Boyd
- Maxwell-Stuart, P G (2007), The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt, Tempus
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland&oldid=899742902'
If you recently updated your Galaxy S4 to Android 5 Lollipop and it keeps rebooting randomly or stuck in boot loop, this is the article you should read: How to fix Samsung Galaxy S4 that is stuck in boot loop after lollipop update.
A Samsung Galaxy S4 that is stuck in boot loop or keeps shutting down and restarting over and over again could either have corrupt data in its memory or has problems with its hardware. The former can easily be fixed while the latter would require help from a repairman…and a lot of patience.
The thing about boot loop problems is that they are so annoying and frustrating. Every time your phone boots you fear it might not come on and you’re afraid to turn it off for the same reason. But as far as the software and corrupt data are concerned, we can do something for them.
Here is an email from one of our readers who recently experienced this problem:
Dear Harold,
I have a Samsung Galaxy S4 that yesterday suddenly switched itself off (battery power of over 70%) it then constantly tried to start itself, shut itself down again, in a never ending loop. I took out the battery and then it worked for a short time and the it all started again. Do you have any suggestions on what is causing this to occur? I have installed no new apps.
Any help would be gratefully appreciated.
Kind regards
Sofia
To add to the conversation, here’s a comment from one of our readers via the mailbag. Shane wrote:
Just to add further debate to your article, after contacting Samsung Support Australia, and having read several forums concerning the issue, I was able to confirm the problem primarily arises to due to a swollen battery. Smackdown pc game free download. Samsung have confirmed an issue relating to certain batches of the stock battery, and to date have replaced tens of thousands of batteries for customers using a Galaxy S4.
Troubleshooting Guide
Basically, we don’t know what the problem really is that is why the first thing we should do is to determine what caused the Samsung Galaxy S4 to be stuck in boot loop. But then again, we have already narrowed it down so we will have to set our focus on the software side.
Step 1: Boot to Safe Mode
Booting the Samsung Galaxy S4 to safe mode will disable all third-party applications the owner installed on the phone leaving only the apps and services necessary for the phone to function well.
If you were able to boot to safe mode and the phone didn’t restart, there is a possibility that a third party app is causing the boot loop. However, to confirm this, you need to let the device run in safe mode for at least an hour and observe closely its functions or if it would reboot all by itself.
- To boot the Galaxy S4 to safe mode, follow this:
- Turn the device off completely.
- Press and hold the Power button.
- Once the Samsung Galaxy S4 logo appears on the screen, release the Power button.
- As soon as you release the Power button, press and hold the Volume Down key.
- Continue holding the Volume Down key until the phone has completed the reboot process.
- If you can read ‘Safe Mode‘ at the bottom left corner of the screen, release the Volume Down key. Otherwise, repeat the process until you can boot the phone to Safe Mode.
If you were able to boot into Safe Mode and haven’t experienced the problem while in it, proceed to step 2. However, if the device still reboots even when in Safe Mode or if it fails to enter safe mode even if you did the steps right, proceed to steps 3 and 4 directly.
Step 2: Disable Third Party Application
If you were able to boot the phone to Safe Mode and the problem didn’t happen again, there is a big possibility that a third-party app has gone rogue and is causing all the troubles. But the first thing you should do is to determine which app it is. There is no easy way to do it but recall which app you downloaded and installed recently. However, if you cannot recall which one, you need to disable every third-party app you have one-by-one starting with the ones you often use.
Disabling an app won’t delete your data, you’re simply preventing it from running on your system but it is as good as uninstalling it. The difference is you can enable it back and retain all your data and settings.
To disable an app on a Samsung Galaxy S4, follow this:
- Go back to the Home screen, then tap the Menu key.
- Tap Settings, then More tab.
- Tap Application Manager.
- Swipe to right once to choose All tab. (Other tabs are Downloaded and Running.)
- Scroll up or down to look for the app you suspected of causing the boot loop.
- Tap the Disable button.
If you were able to find the app that’s causing the boot loop, don’t uninstall it just yet but instead clear its cache and data and see if that solves the problem. If it doesn’t, then uninstall it.
In case the problem is not with the third-party apps, start looking into stock Samsung and Google apps. But to make things easier for you in this case, proceed to steps 3 and 4.
Step 3: Wipe Cache Partition
After you’ve installed and uninstalled a lot of apps on your phone, lots of cached data may have already been stored in the cache partition and there is always a possibility of corruption. Once that happens, the phone may start acting weird and the only way to solve it is to wipe cache partition.
While this step may not have been so familiar as compared to the one that follows, it is very helpful in resolving Android problems that couldn’t be solved by simply doing the hard reset, although it’s not as hassling as the latter because personal data will be kept intact and the owner won’t have to set the phone up again.
Wiping cache partition will delete data stored by apps but don’t get me wrong, a new set of data will be cached once you start using an app. So, basically, you do this to replace the data cached on your phone. And to do this, follow the steps below:
- Turn the phone off completely.
- Press and hold the Volume Up, Home and Power buttons.
- Release the Power button when the phone vibrates but continue holding on to the Volume Up and Home buttons.
- When the Android System Recovery screen appears, release both the Home and Volume Up buttons.
- Using the Volume Down key, highlight ‘wipe cache partition.’
- Press the Power button to select the option.
- The phone will automatically restart once cache data are wiped out.
If this step can’t resolve the problem, proceed to the last step.
Step 4: Master / Hard Reset
Seven 91 Kirk Boot Song
This is the last resort simply because it will require more effort to do. What I mean is that you will need to backup all data you don’t want to lose along the process. Factory reset or hard reset will delete your personal settings, app data, contacts, messages, etc. In short, it will bring your phone back to its default settings. Here’s how you do a master reset using hardware keys:
- Turn the phone off completely.
- Press and hold the Volume Up, Home and Power buttons.
- Release the Power button when the phone vibrates but continue holding on to the Volume Up and Home buttons.
- When the Android System Recovery screen appears, release both the Home and Volume Up buttons.
- Using the Volume Down key, highlight ‘wipe data / factory reset.’
- Press the Power button to select it.
- Using the Volume Down button again, highlight ‘delete all user data.’
- Press the Power key to select it.
- Once the reset is complete, choose ‘Reboot system now.’
- Press the Power button to restart the phone.
If you find these steps a little complicated for you to follow, please seek guidance from those who know or from a technician. You can also bring the phone where you bought it and have the store’s technical support help you.
My colleague here at The Droid Guy also wrote an article about this problem before: Samsung Galaxy S4 Stuck in Boot Loop.
Tell us your problems
The solutions we provided here are based on reports and testimonies from owners who have encountered these problems. I also ask my XDA developer friends regarding some of the problems. Now if you have other problems or questions with your smartphone that you want answered, don’t hesitate to send us email at [email protected]
We don’t guarantee a reply to all emails because we receive hundreds of them daily, but rest assured your email messages will be read by me. But I urge you to provide as much details as possible so I could easily find references and compare your problems with reports from other owners. If your problem is as common as others, there could already be solutions that exist and I would surely point you to them. Screenshots often help so attach one if you can.